When Are Majoritarian Democracies More Representative essays

When Are Majoritarian Democracies More Representative essays When are Majoritarian democracies more representative than Consensual democracies? The past twenty five years has seen the rapid proliferation of democracy. Notably, the areas of Eastern Europe and Latin America have experienced both the demise of autocratic and dictatorial regimes and in turn their replacement with Democratic forms of government. The two most common forms of democratic government are firstly majoritarian democracy, often associated with either presidential systems or Westminster style parliamentary regimes, with single member district or first past the post systems, and secondly Consensus democracies, which are mostly associated with proportional representation electoral systems in parliamentary government. When looking at when majoritarian democracies are more representative than Consensual democracies it is important not only to centre on the electoral or legislative side of democracy, but in addition, the executive representation of the electorate, an equally crucial dimension of the political process and furthermore, other attributes of the electoral system such as district magnitude and the influence of presidential elections on legislative elections. Firstly, by using the Sainte Lague index , from which the formulae is similar to the one utilized in Lijpharts table of average electoral disproportionality (1999) , it is visible that Westminster systems have higher values of disproportionality than systems of proportional representation. For example, Lijpharts table illustrates the countries of Sweden and The Netherlands, both consensus democracies, as scoring an average electoral disproportionality of 2.09% and 1.30% respectively. When comparing this to The United Kingdom and Canada, both majoritarian democracies, who score 10.33% and 11.72% respectively, it is clear that Consensus democracies demonstrate greater levels of representation than majoritarian ...

How to Build an ESL Class Curriculum

How to Build an ESL Class Curriculum Heres a guide on how to create an ESL class curriculum to ensure your students meet their learning objectives. Certainly, planning the curriculum of a new ESL/EFL class can be a challenge. This task can be simplified by following these basic principles. First and foremost, teachers should always perform a student needs analysis in order to ensure that you understand what type of learning materials will be appropriate for your classroom. How to Build an ESL Curriculum Evaluate students learning levels - are they similar or mixed? You can:Give a standard grammar test.Arrange students into small groups and provide a get to know you activity. Pay close attention to whos leading the group and who is having difficulties.Ask students to introduce themselves. Once finished, ask each student a few follow-up questions to see how they handle impromptu speech.Evaluate nationality makeup of class - are they all from the same country or a multi-national group?Establish primary goals based on your schools overall learning objectives.  Investigate the various student learning styles - what type of learning do they feel comfortable with?Find out how important a specific type of English (i.e. British or American, etc.) is to the class.Ask students what they perceive as being most important about this learning experience.Establish the extra-curricular goals of the class (i.e. do they want English only for travel?).Base English learning materials on vocabulary are as that meet students needs. For example, if students plan on attending university, focus on building academic vocabulary. On the other hand, if students belong are part of a company, research materials that are related to their place of work. Encourage students to provide examples of English learning materials they find interesting.As a class, discuss which type of media students feel most comfortable with. If students are not used to reading, you may want to focus on using online video materials.  Take time to investigate what teaching materials are available to meet these goals. Do they meet your needs? Are you limited in your choice? What kind of access do you have to authentic materials?Be realistic and then cut your goals back by about 30% - you can always expand as the class continues.Establish a number of intermediate goals.Communicate your overall learning goals to the class. You can do this by providing a printed curriculum. However, keep your curriculum very general and leave room for change.Let students know how they are progressing so there are no surprises!Always be prepared to change your curriculum goals during your course.   Effective Curriculum Tips Having a map of where you want to go can really help with a number of issues such as motivation, lesson planning, and overall class satisfaction.Despite the need for a curriculum, make sure that achieving learning goals in the curriculum dont become more important than the learning that will take place.  Time spent thinking about these issues is an excellent investment that will pay itself back many times over not only in terms of satisfaction but also in terms of saving time.Remember that each class is different - even if they do seem alike.Take your own enjoyment and focus into consideration. The more you enjoy teaching the class, the more students will be willing to follow your lead.